unwritten laws

ἄγραφ-ος, ον,

A unwritten,

μνήμη Th.2.43

; ἄ. διαθῆκαι nuncupatory wills, Plu.Cor.9;

ἄ. κληρονόμος Luc.Tox.23

; ἄγραφα λέγειν to speak without book, Plu.Dem.8. Adv.

-φως, κατὰ μνήμης σῴζεσθαι Procl. in Prm.p.553

S.

II ἄ. δίκαιον, moral or equitable justice, Arist. EN 1162b22; ἄ. νόμοι or νόμιμα unwritten laws:

1 laws of nature,

τοῖς ἀ. νομίμοις καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις ἤθεσι D.18.275

, cf. Arist. EN 1180b1.

2 laws of custom, Th.2.37;

ἄ. νόμιμα Pl.Lg. 793a

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1373b5; ἄγραφα, τά, ib. 1368b9; ἄ. ἀδίκημα a crime not recognized by law, Hsch.

3 religious traditions, as of the Eumolpidae, Lys.6.10.

III not registered, ἄ. πόλεις (in a treaty) Th.1.40; ἄ. γάμοι without written contract, CPR18.30 (ii A.D. Adv. - ως ibid., POxy.267.19(i A.D.)); ἄ. συνουσίαι not written down, Phlp.in Ph.513.30;

συναλλαγματογραφίαι PTeb.1.140

; ἄγραφα καὶ ἄστατα neither catalogued nor weighed, IG2.652B2; hence ἄγραφα, τά, sundries, PTeb.112.104 (ii B. C.), al.

2 ἄ. μέταλλα mines not registered, but worked clandestinely, Suid. s.v.

IV without inscription, IG 2.754, al.—Prose word.

unwritten

неписан закон an unwritten law

* * *

непѝсан,

прил. unwritten, prescriptive; \неписан закон unwritten law.

* * *

unwritten: неписан laws - ненаписани закони

* * *

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

law (norma, precepto).

leyes law (derecho)

ganaron con todas las de la ley (informal) they won fair and square

de buena ley reliable, sterling

ley del embudo (informal) one law for oneself and another for everyone else

ley marcial martial law

ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand

ley sálica (history) Salic law

la Ley Seca (history) Prohibition

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle

ley de la ventaja (sport) advantage (law)

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) law; (proyecto de ley) bill, act; (regla) rule

2 (de metal) purity

\

aprobar una ley to pass a bill

con todas las de la ley proper

de ley (oro) pure 2 (plata) sterling 3 (persona) genuine

¡es ley de vida! that's life!, that's the way the cookie crumbles!

estar fuera de la ley to be outside the law

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa whatever the law, there's always a loophole, laws are made to be broken

por ley by law

la ley del más fuerte the law of the jungle

ley del embudo double standards plural

ley marcial martial law

ley orgánica constitutional law

ley sálica Salic law

ley seca prohibition law

* * *

1) law

2) purity

* * *

1) (=precepto) law

- hecha la ley hecha la trampa

2) (=regla no escrita) law

3) (=principio científico) law

4) (Dep) rule, law

5) (Rel)

6) (Metal)

7) † (=lealtad) loyalty, devotion

* * *

1) ( disposición legal) law

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

* * *

= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.

Ex. The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.

Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex. Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.

Ex. This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.

----

* acatar la ley = follow + the law.

* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.

* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.

* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.

* ante la ley = at law.

* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.

* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.

* ausencia de ley = anomie.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.

* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].

* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.

* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de ley = kosher.

* dentro de la ley = within the law.

* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.

* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.

* infringir la ley = break + the law.

* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.

* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.

* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.

* ley antigua = ancient law.

* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.

* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.

* ley cósmica = cosmic law.

* ley de bibliotecas = library law.

* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.

* ley de copyright = copyright law.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.

* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.

* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.

* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.

* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.

* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.

* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.

* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.

* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.

* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.

* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.

* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.

* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.

* ley draconiana = draconian law.

* leyes = the law of the land.

* leyes científicas = laws of physics.

* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.

* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.

* leyes de la física = laws of physics.

* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.

* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.

* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.

* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.

* ley exponencial = power law.

* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.

* ley marcial = martial law.

* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.

* ley penal = penal law.

* ley sobre contratos = contract law.

* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.

* ley tribal = tribal law.

* ley tributaria = tax bill.

* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.

* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.

* por ley = mandated.

* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.

* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.

* proteger por ley = protect by + law.

* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.

* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.

* redactar una ley = draft + law.

* respetar la ley = observe + the law.

* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.

* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

* valor de ley = force of law.

* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.

* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.

* * *

1) ( disposición legal) law

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

* * *

* * *

A (disposición legal) law

conforme a la leyor según disponen las leyes in accordance with the law

promulgar/dictar una ley to promulgate/issue a law

aprobar/derogar una ley to pass/repeal a law

aplicar una ley to apply a law

se acogió a la ley de ciudadanía he sought protection under the citizenship law

violar la ley to break the law

atenerse a la ley to abide by o obey the law

es ley de vida it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a algn (Chi, Méx); to give sb the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo the line of least resistance

la ley del Talión an eye for an eye

aplicar la ley del Talión to demand an eye for an eye

morir en su ley ( Andes); to die as one lived

tenerle ley a algn ( Chi fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)

hecha la ley hecha la trampa or quien hace la ley hace la trampa every law has its loophole

ley pareja no es dura or rigurosa (CS); a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

(en Esp) ≈ immigration laws (pl)

(Andes, Méx): aplicarle a algn la ley de fuga(s) the practice of allowing a prisoner to escape and then shooting him/her in the back

advantage rule

unfair law/rule

organic law

la ley seca Prohibition

tax law

(justicia): la ley the law

todos somos iguales ante la ley we are all equal in the eyes of the law o under the law

un representante de la ley a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very fairly o rightly o deservedly

un almuerzo con todas las de la ley a proper o real lunch

martial law

Salic law

1 (regla natural) law

las leyes de la física the laws of physics

2 ( Bib) law

law of gravity

law of supply and demand

fpl Mendel's laws (pl)

D (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley genuine

* * *

◊ violar la ley to break the law;

* * *

ley nf

1. [norma] law;

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa laws are made to be broken;

leyes [derecho] law

ley de fugas = illegal execution of prisoner, pretending that he was shot while trying to escape;

ley fundamental basic law, constitutional law;

ley de incompatibilidades = act regulating which other positions may be held by people holding public office;

ley marcial martial law;

ley seca prohibition law;

aplicar la ley de la ventaja to play the advantage

2. [precepto religioso] law

la ley judía Jewish law

3. [principio] law

la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo: [m5] seguir la ley del mínimo esfuerzo to take the line of least resistance;

ley natural law of nature;

ley de la oferta y de la demanda law of supply and demand;

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle;

la ley del talión an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth;

no cree en la ley del talión she doesn't believe in “an eye for an eye”;

ley de vida: [m5] es ley de vida it's a fact of life

4.

la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;

con todas las de la ley: ganaron con todas las de la ley they won fair and square;

ser de ley [situación] to be right and proper;

5. [de metal precioso]

de buena ley reliable, sterling;

de mala ley crooked, disreputable

* * *

f law;

es la ley del más fuerte might is right;

una ley no escrita an unwritten law;

con todas las de la ley fairly and squarely

* * *

ley nf

1) : law

fuera de la ley: outside the law

la ley de gravedad: the law of gravity

2) : purity (of metals)

oro de ley: pure gold

* * *

ley n law

common law, unwritten law.

* * *

(n.) = customary law

Ex. Enter ancient laws, customary laws, tribal laws, etc, under a uniform title or under the title proper of the item being catalogued.

* * *

1) ( объективная закономерность) law

2) ( юридический акт или их совокупность) law; ( отдельный акт - в странах английского языка) act

3) обыкн. мн. (правила, обычаи) laws, rules

4) ( свод религиозных правил и норм) the law

••

- niepisana zasada an unwritten rule a. code

- człowiek z zasadami a man of (high) principles

- zasady moralne moral principles

- zasady dobrego wychowania the rules of good conduct a. behaviour

- złamać zasady to break the rules

- przestrzegać zasad to observe the rules

- kierował się zasadą, żeby nie pożyczać pieniędzy he made it a principle never to borrow money

- mam taką zasadę, że nigdy tego nie robię I make it a rule never to do that

- postępować zgodnie z własnymi zasadami to live up to one’s principles

- tu chodzi o zasadę it’s a point of principle

- zasady ochrony przeciwpożarowej fire regulations

- przestrzegać zasad ruchu drogowego to observe traffic rules a. regulations

- respektować/naruszać zasady wolnego rynku to respect/violate the rules of the free market

- baseball to gra o skomplikowanych zasadach baseball is a game with complicated rules

- zasady fizyki/chemii the laws of physics/chemistry

- druga zasada termodynamiki the second law of thermodynamics

- zasada sodowa/potasowa a sodium/potassium base

- □ zasada akcji i reakcji Fiz. Newton’s third law of motion

- zasada bezwładności Fiz. Newton’s first law of motion

- zasada dwoistości Mat. the law of duality

- zasada sprzeczności the law of contradiction

- zasada trzech jedności Literat. the rule of the three unities

- zasady współżycia społecznego rules of social intercourse

■ dla zasady on principle

- w zasadzie in principle, by and large

- niczym w zasadzie się nie różnią they’re much of a muchness

〈 het〉

1 [gerechtigheid] justice ⇒ right

2 [rechtsregels; rechtsgeleerdheid] law

3 [rechtspraak] justice

4 [proces] court

5 [bevoegdheid, voorrecht] right

6 [meervoud] [bevoegdheden behorend bij een stand/positie] rights

7 [aanspraak] right ⇒ claim

8 [meervoud] [bevoegdheid tot reproductie van een boek/film enz.] (copy)right(s)

9 [belasting] duty

♦voorbeelden:

1   iemand recht doen (wedervaren) • do someone justice

     recht doen aan iets • do justice to something

     〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand/iets geen recht doen • be unfair to someone/something

     het recht handhaven • uphold the law

     〈 figuurlijk〉 het recht aan zijn kant hebben • be in the right

     het recht met voeten treden • trample justice underfoot

     in zijn recht zijn/staan • be within one's rights

     〈 figuurlijk〉 met recht • right(ful)ly

     je kan je met recht afvragen wat … • you may well wonder what …

     met recht razend zijn • have good reason to be furious

2   student (in de) rechten • law student

     agrarisch/fiscaal/militair recht • agrarian/fiscal/military law

     burgerlijk recht • civil law

     het geschreven recht • written/statute law

     het ongeschreven recht • unwritten/common law

     publiek en privaat recht • public and private law

     Romeins recht • Roman law

     het recht in eigen handen nemen • take the law into one's own hands

     rechten studeren • read/study law

     meester in de rechten • Master of Laws

     krachtens recht en gewoonte • by right and custom

     krachtens/volgens Engels recht • under English law

     naar Nederlands recht • according to Dutch law

3   recht doen • give judgement

     recht doen in een zaak • decide on a case

     recht vorderen/zoeken • demand/seek justice

4   in rechte iets afdwingen/eisen/vorderen • enforce/demand something in a court of law

5   recht van bestaan hebben • have a right to exist

     het recht van de sterkste • the law of the jungle

     〈 juridisch〉 recht van voorkeur • right of option

     aangeboren en verworven rechten • birthrights and acquired rights

     dat is mijn goed recht • that is my right

     het volste recht hebben om … • have every right to …

     zijn graad geeft hem het recht om … • his degree qualifies him to …

     het recht hebben om zijn kinderen te zien • have access to one's children

     niet het recht hebben iets te doen • have no right to do something

     iemand het recht ontzeggen om … • deny someone the right to …

     evenveel recht van spreken hebben als de rest • have an equal voice with the rest

     geen recht van spreken hebben • have no right to speak

     door dat te doen had hij geen recht van spreken meer • by doing that he put himself out of court

     〈 figuurlijk〉 recht van spreken hebben • be entitled to speak

     iedereen heeft het recht om … • everyone has the right to …

     op zijn recht(en) staan • insist on one's right(s)

     〈 figuurlijk〉 zijn kwaliteiten komen daar veel beter tot hun recht • he can make far better use of his talents there

     〈 figuurlijk〉 tot zijn recht komen • stand out well 〈 jurk, schilderij〉

     〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand/iets (niet) tot zijn recht laten komen • do (no) justice to someone/something

     〈 figuurlijk〉 goed tot zijn recht komen • show up well

     voor zijn recht(en) opkomen • defend one's right(s)

6   de rechten van de mens • human rights

     de rechten van de vrouw • women's rights

     burgerlijke/politieke rechten • civil/political rights

7   recht op uitkering • entitlement to a benefit

     de oudste rechten hebben • have first claim

     geen recht hebben op • have no right/claim to

     zijn rechten laten gelden • exercise one's rights

     recht hebben/geven op iets • have/give the right to something

8   de rechten van een boek verkopen • sell the rights to a book

     alle rechten voorbehouden • all rights reserved

9   vast recht • fixed charge

     vrij van rechten • free of duties

————————

I 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord, bijwoord〉

1 [niet gebogen/bochtig; niet scheef/schuin] straight

2 [rechtop] straight (up), upright

3 [normaal] 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉 right 〈 kant van stof〉; direct 〈 evenredigheid〉; 〈 bijwoord〉 directly 〈 evenredig〉

4 [juist] 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉 right 〈 woord, pad〉; 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉 true 〈 oorzaak〉

5 [met betrekking tot een hoek] 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉 right

♦voorbeelden:

1   een rechte lijn trekken • draw a straight line

     op het laatste rechte stuk • on the home straight

     je bord moet je wel recht houden • you must keep your plate straight

     de auto kwam recht op ons af • the car was coming straight at us

     iets recht leggen • put something straight

     recht op iemand/iets afgaan • go straight for someone/something

     iets recht snijden • cut something (off) straight

     recht omhoog/omlaag • straight up/down

     iemand recht in de ogen kijken • look someone straight in the eye

     recht op zijn doel afgaan • go straight for one's goal

     recht van lijf en leden • straight-limbed

     recht voor zich uitkijken • look/stare straight ahead

2   een rechte houding • an upright posture

     recht op zijn benen staan • stand up straight

     recht zitten/staan • sit/stand up straight

     recht overeind • straight up, bolt upright

     〈 figuurlijk〉 het probleem blijft recht overeind staan • the problem remains unsolved

3   de rechte zijde van een voorwerp • the right side of an object

     recht evenredig zijn met • be directly proportional to

     〈 breien〉 eerst drie averecht, dan drie recht • first three purl, then three plain

4   op het rechte pad zijn/blijven • 〈 figuurlijk〉 be on/keep to the straight and narrow

     het rechte van iets weten • know the ins and outs of something

5   rechte hoek • right angle

¶   recht voor de zaak uitkomen • be quite open about the matter

     〈 Algemeen Zuid-Nederlands〉 recht voor de vuist • straightforward

II 〈 bijwoord〉

1 [formeel] [echt] really

2 [precies] straight

♦voorbeelden:

1   recht gelukkig was hij nooit • he was never really happy

2   hangt/zit mijn jurk recht? • is my dress straight?

     ze reden recht op elkaar in • they collided head-on

     hij woont recht tegenover mij • he lives straight across from me

     recht tegenover elkaar • face-to-face

1 [vastgestelde regel] law; 〈 statuut〉 statute

2 [stelsel van rechtsregels, ook religie] law

3 [gezaghebbende gewoonte] law; rule

4 [wetenschappelijk] [wetmatigheid] law

♦voorbeelden:

1   zijn eigen wetten stellen • be a law unto oneself

     een ongeschreven wet • an unwritten rule

     een wet aannemen/goedkeuren • pass/enact a law

     een wet invoeren/afkondigen/uitvaardigen • enact/promulgate/constitute a law

     de wet naleven/schenden/overtreden/ontduiken • abide by/violate/break/circumvent the law

     de wet schrijft voor dat … • the law prescribes that …

     de wet toepassen • enforce the law

     het gerecht moet de wetten uitvoeren • the court has to execute the laws

     een ontwerp dat wet moet worden • a bill which has to become law

     de wet zegt dat … • it is the law that …

     conform de wet • lawful, legal

     in overeenstemming met de wet • in accordance with law

     volgens de wet is het een misdaad • it's a crime before the law

2   naar de letter/naar de geest van de wet • according to the letter/spirit of the law

     volgens de Engelse wet • under English law

     geschreven wet • statute law

     de Mozaïsche wet • Mosaic(al) law

     wet is wet • the law is the law

     gehoorzaam aan de wet • law-abiding

     bij de wet bepaald • regulated by law

     boven de wet staan • be above the law

     zich buiten de wet stellen • place oneself outside the law

     door de wet verboden • prohibited/forbidden by law

     ingevolge de wet • under law

     in strijd met/strijdig met de wet • unlawful, illegal, lawless, against the law

     naar wet en recht • according to law and justice

     voor de wet trouwen • marry at a registry office

     voor de wet is iedereen gelijk • everybody is equal before the law

     〈 figuurlijk〉 de wet met voeten treden • ride roughshod over the law

3   de wetten van de jungle • the law of the jungle

     een wet van Meden en Perzen • a law of the Medes and Persians, a hard and fast rule

     moeders wil is wet • mother's word is law

     een ijzeren wet • an iron law

     de joodse/mohammedaanse wet • Jewish/Hebrew law, Islamic law

     iemand de wet voorschrijven • lay down the law to someone

4   de wet van Archimedes • Archimedes' principle

     〈 economie〉 wet van de afnemende meeropbrengst • law of diminishing returns